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ACI for Ankle Cartilage DefectsMicrofracture produces fibrocartilage that deteriorates within two to three years for ankle cartilage lesions over 15 mm in diameter; autologous chondrocyte implantation regenerates more durable, hyaline-like cartilage that more closely resembles native tissue for larger defects.Microfracture produces fibrocartilage that deteriorates within two to three years for ankle cartilage lesions over 15 mm in diameter; autologous chondrocyte implantation regenerates more durable, hyaline-like cartilage that more closely resembles native tissue for larger defects.
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Who Qualifies for OATS Knee Cartilage RepairOATS and mosaicplasty repair focal knee cartilage defects of 1–4 cm² with hyaline cartilage in a single operation; suitable for physically active patients aged 16–50, both achieve return to sport in 66–91% of cases.OATS and mosaicplasty repair focal knee cartilage defects of 1–4 cm² with hyaline cartilage in a single operation; suitable for physically active patients aged 16–50, both achieve return to sport in 66–91% of cases.
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When knee cartilage repair is worth consideringCartilage lacks a blood supply and cannot self-heal, but surgical or minimally invasive repair can restore focal defects in otherwise healthy joints, potentially delaying knee replacement by years or decades.Cartilage lacks a blood supply and cannot self-heal, but surgical or minimally invasive repair can restore focal defects in otherwise healthy joints, potentially delaying knee replacement by years or decades.
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OCA vs MACI for large knee cartilage defectsMACI (matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation) is a surface repair requiring intact subchondral bone; osteochondral allograft (OCA) replaces both cartilage and bone. When knee cartilage defects breach underlying bone, OCA addresses what MACI cannot.MACI (matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation) is a surface repair requiring intact subchondral bone; osteochondral allograft (OCA) replaces both cartilage and bone. When knee cartilage defects breach underlying bone, OCA addresses what MACI cannot.
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Who treats a rotator cuff tear in the UKMany NHS trusts refer rotator cuff tear cases first to an Extended Scope Practitioner — a senior physiotherapist who can order imaging, administer injections, and refer directly to a surgeon — rather than directly to an orthopaedic consultant. This deliberate pathway removes administrative steps rather than adding them.Many NHS trusts refer rotator cuff tear cases first to an Extended Scope Practitioner — a senior physiotherapist who can order imaging, administer injections, and refer directly to a surgeon — rather than directly to an orthopaedic consultant. This deliberate pathway removes administrative steps rather than adding them.
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AMIC vs MACI for knee cartilage repairStandalone microfracture for knee cartilage defects has less than 60% survivorship at three years; AMIC adds a collagen membrane to stabilize repair, whilst MACI uses cultured chondrocytes and shows superiority in the SUMMIT trial for lesions over 3 cm².Standalone microfracture for knee cartilage defects has less than 60% survivorship at three years; AMIC adds a collagen membrane to stabilize repair, whilst MACI uses cultured chondrocytes and shows superiority in the SUMMIT trial for lesions over 3 cm².
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How single-stage ACI differs from MACIMACI repairs cartilage defects over two operations, with weeks between them for external cell expansion; STACi compresses the entire process—harvesting, processing, and implantation—into a single surgical session.MACI repairs cartilage defects over two operations, with weeks between them for external cell expansion; STACi compresses the entire process—harvesting, processing, and implantation—into a single surgical session.
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Is ChondroFiller available on the NHSChondroFiller is not available on the NHS anywhere in the UK; patients must access this collagen cartilage scaffold privately, with single injections typically costing around £3,000.ChondroFiller is not available on the NHS anywhere in the UK; patients must access this collagen cartilage scaffold privately, with single injections typically costing around £3,000.
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Which specialist treats AC joint painThe acromioclavicular joint, where the outer collarbone meets the shoulder blade, transfers all load from the arm to the skeleton — a role accounting for roughly 40% of all shoulder injuries.The acromioclavicular joint, where the outer collarbone meets the shoulder blade, transfers all load from the arm to the skeleton — a role accounting for roughly 40% of all shoulder injuries.
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ACI or MACI for knee cartilage repairBoth ACI and MACI require two operations: stage-1 biopsy yields too few chondrocytes for immediate repair, so stage-2 implantation must follow 3–6 weeks of laboratory expansion.Both ACI and MACI require two operations: stage-1 biopsy yields too few chondrocytes for immediate repair, so stage-2 implantation must follow 3–6 weeks of laboratory expansion.
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When cartilage repair makes sense before knee replacementTotal knee replacement achieves over 90% long-term success, yet patients under 55 face substantially higher revision risk within 20 years. For focal cartilage damage in the mid-40s, repair offers a joint-preservation pathway suited to this earlier disease stage—provided defect size and patient profile meet defined clinical criteria.Total knee replacement achieves over 90% long-term success, yet patients under 55 face substantially higher revision risk within 20 years. For focal cartilage damage in the mid-40s, repair offers a joint-preservation pathway suited to this earlier disease stage—provided defect size and patient profile meet defined clinical criteria.
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OATS versus mosaicplasty for knee cartilage repairOATS and mosaicplasty are the same surgical technique applied at different scales: OATS transfers a single cartilage plug for knee defects under 2 cm², mosaicplasty tiles smaller grafts across 2–4 cm² lesions.OATS and mosaicplasty are the same surgical technique applied at different scales: OATS transfers a single cartilage plug for knee defects under 2 cm², mosaicplasty tiles smaller grafts across 2–4 cm² lesions.
