Understanding Cartilage Loss in the Knee and Its Impact

What is Cartilage in the Knee?

Cartilage in the knee refers to the smooth, rubbery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they meet in the knee joint. This tissue acts as a cushion, allowing the bones to glide over one another with reduced friction. There are two key types of cartilage in the knee: articular cartilage, which covers the femur, tibia, and back of the patella, and the meniscus, which sits between the bones to absorb shock. Healthy cartilage is essential for pain-free movement and joint stability. Factors such as injuries, frequent kneeling, ageing, and repetitive stress can damage this tissue, often resulting in pain, stiffness, swelling, and restricted motion. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent further deterioration of cartilage in the knee.

Cartilage Loss: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

Cartilage loss in the knee can result from gradual wear and tear (osteoarthritis), acute injuries, overuse, or congenital abnormalities. Obesity and alignment issues such as knee valgus (where the knees angle in and touch each other when straightened) can accelerate cartilage breakdown. Early symptoms may include aching, discomfort during activity, swelling, or a sensation of grinding or catching. As cartilage deteriorates further, individuals might notice reduced mobility and increasing pain even at rest. Diagnosis typically involves a detailed clinical examination, patient history, and imaging scans such as X-rays or MRI, which can assess the extent of cartilage loss and associated bone changes. Early detection enables prompt intervention, minimising further joint damage.

How Cartilage Loss Affects Knee Function

When the cartilage in the knee becomes thin or is lost, the joint surfaces begin to rub together, causing pain and inflammation. Over time, this can lead to a reduction in the space between the bones (joint space narrowing), which further restricts movement and mobility. Without the protective buffer of cartilage, activities like walking, running, or even standing can become painful. Cartilage loss not only affects the joint itself but also leads to muscle weakening around the knee as movement becomes more difficult. Additionally, compensation changes in gait (the way you walk) may strain other joints, such as the hips or ankles. Minimising the progression of cartilage loss is essential to maintain joint function and overall mobility.

Prevention and Early Intervention Strategies

Preventing cartilage loss in the knee starts with maintaining a healthy weight, which reduces the load on joints. Low-impact exercises such as cycling, swimming, and strength training can keep the supporting muscles strong and relieve stress on the cartilage. Addressing knee valgus with targeted physiotherapy can promote proper alignment and reduce abnormal pressure on the cartilage surfaces. It is also important to avoid repetitive activities that may lead to overuse, and to wear suitable footwear for cushioning and support. If you experience persistent knee pain, stiffness, or swelling, seek medical advice promptly. Early intervention with physiotherapy, medication, or lifestyle adjustments can help protect knee cartilage and delay the need for surgical interventions.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does cartilage do in the knee?

Cartilage acts as a protective layer between bones, enabling smooth movement in the knee joint. It absorbs shock during activities and reduces friction, preventing bones from rubbing against each other. Loss or damage to cartilage can result in pain, swelling, and mobility issues.

What are common symptoms of cartilage loss in the knee?

Common symptoms include knee pain, swelling, stiffness, a crunching or grinding sensation, decreased range of motion, and occasional locking or catching of the joint. These symptoms may worsen with activity or persist even during rest as cartilage loss progresses.

Can cartilage loss in the knee be reversed?

Cartilage has very limited ability to regenerate naturally. Early stages of cartilage loss can sometimes be managed with physiotherapy, injections, or other non-surgical treatments to relieve symptoms and prevent further damage. Advanced cartilage loss may require surgical options such as cartilage repair procedures or joint replacement.

Does knee valgus contribute to cartilage loss?

Yes, knee valgus can increase the pressure on the outside part of the knee joint, accelerating cartilage wear in that area. Addressing alignment problems with exercises, physiotherapy, or orthotics can help reduce the risk of cartilage damage related to knee valgus.

What lifestyle changes help prevent cartilage damage in the knee?

Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular low-impact activity, wearing supportive shoes, avoiding repetitive high-stress activities, and ensuring good knee alignment are critical strategies. Early treatment of minor knee injuries can also help protect cartilage health.

When should I see a doctor about knee cartilage pain?

See a doctor if you have persistent knee pain, swelling, limited movement, or symptoms such as instability or locking. Early assessment is important to diagnose the cause and to start interventions that can preserve cartilage and joint function before further damage occurs.